The Hardy-Weinberg principle is used to characterize the distribution of the different genotype frequencies in a population which are not evolving. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,
the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype is denoted by 
;
the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is denoted by 
;
the frequency of the heterozygous genotype is denoted by 2pq;
the frequency of the recessive allele is denoted by q;
the frequency of the dominant allele is denoted by p.
A karyotype is a picture in which the chromosomes of a cell
have been stained so that the banding patterns of the chromosomes appear. This
way it is possible to view abnormalities in the chromosomes. Disorders such as aneuploidy can be diagnosed by karyotype.
It can also help identify local abnormalities on chromosomes such as abnormalities
in chromosome length, and location of the
centromere.
These fibers provide vis- ceral motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the viscera. The only cranial nerves that transmit parasympathetic fibers are the oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves.
All carbohydrates, including sugar, therefore contain the same three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Different arrangements of these elements form single units to make different types of carbohydrates. Glucose, for instance, is a single-unit carb with six carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms
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