Answer:
The correct answer is: Immunosenescence.
Explanation:
- Immunosenescence can be defined as a biological age-related phenomenon due to which the cells of the immune system are unable to function efficiently with increase in age.
- As a result of this the aged individuals becomes susceptible to various infections and diseases.
- This happens because of the following reasons:
- The immune cells are formed from the progenitor cells called the Hematopoetic Stem Cells (HSCs) which are abundantly found in the bone marrow. These cells have the capacity of self-renewal and also differentiation into various types of immune cells. Due to aging, these cells accumulate large number of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that that causes oxidative damage to the DNA. Also, with age the telomere (the repititive DNA sequence located at the chromosome terminal that protects the end of the chromosome from undergoing recombination or fusion with other chromosomes) length shortens resulting in the generation of damage in DNA. All these reduces the self renewal and differentiation capacity of these cells.
- Other cells of the immune system like, the white blood cells, anti-body producing B-cells, cytotoxicity inducing T-cells, natural killer cells also accumulate similar DNA degrading components. This reduces their life time and also the efficiency of their activity.
Answer:
Efficiency is the percentage of energy actually used to perform the work.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Climate change is a long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns. Often climate change refers specifically to the rise in global temperatures from ... from the sun's rays inside the atmosphere causing Earth's average temperature to rise. ... Throughout Earth's history, climate has continually changed.
Ecological models ( physical and computer) enables the Simulation of a large scale ecology which makes it easier to identify an ecological problem and also design a solution in relation to the problem identified.
An ecological model is the simulation of the ecosystem which is used for survey, in order to identify, ecological problems, reveal the properties of the ecology, and also for the testing of scientific hypothesis. which would have been difficult to be carried out on a real ecosystem.
Ecological models can be grouped into; biodemographic, bioenergetic, and biogeochemical. and they are applicable in wildlife conservation and agriculture.
Hence physical and computer ecological models can be used to design a solution for an ecological problem by the simulation of a large scale ecology to identify and design a solution
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