Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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During anaerobic respiration , cells make energy without <u>Oxygen</u>
the energy obtained during anaerobic respiration is 2 ATP
<span>Epithelial and connective tissues combine to form four types of membranes: mucous membranes (epithelial tissues are moist), serous membranes (line cavities that are not open to the outside environment), cutaneous membranes (skin that covers the surface of the body), and synovial membranes (produce synovial fluid).</span>
Mature and established trees die for a combination of reasons but sudden browning of foliage is typically associated with a lack of water supply to the canopy. Water supply can be cut off to the canopy due to obvious issues including deficiency or root damage.
<h3>What is Carbon?</h3>
- Carbon is a chemical component with the symbol C and atomic number It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom makes four electrons unrestricted to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon produces up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.
- Carbon is employed in some way in almost every industry around the globe. It is used for fuel in the form of coal, methane gas, and crude oil (which is used to produce gasoline). It is used to make all sorts of fabrics including plastics and alloys such as steel (a mixture of carbon and iron).
- Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. Categorized as a nonmetal, Carbon is a solid at room temperature.
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