hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table
The absorbance reported by the defective instrument was 0.3933.
Absorbance A = - log₁₀ T
Tm = transmittance measured by spectrophotometer
Tm = 0.44
Absorbance reported in this equipment = -log₁₀ (0.44) = 0.35654
True absorbance can be calculated by true transmittance, Tm = T+S(α-T)
S = fraction of stray light = 6%= 6/100 = 0.06
α= 1, ideal case
T = true transmittance of the sample
Tm = T+S(α-T)
now, T= Tm-S/ 1-S = 0.44-0.06/ 1-0.06 = 0.404233
therefore, actual reading measured is A = -log₁₀ T = -log₁₀ (0.404233)
i.e; 0.3933
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- <u>We </u><u>have </u><u>250g </u><u>of </u><u>liquid </u><u>water </u><u>and </u><u>it </u><u>needs </u><u>to </u><u>be </u><u>cool </u><u>at </u><u>temperature </u><u>from </u><u>1</u><u>0</u><u>0</u><u>°</u><u> </u><u>C </u><u>to </u><u>0</u><u>°</u><u> </u><u>C</u>
- <u>Specific </u><u>heat </u><u>of </u><u>water </u><u>is </u><u>4</u><u>.</u><u>1</u><u>8</u><u>0</u><u>J</u><u>/</u><u>g</u><u>°</u><u>C</u>

- <u>We </u><u>have </u><u>to </u><u>find </u><u>the</u><u> </u><u>total</u><u> </u><u>number </u><u>of </u><u>joules </u><u>released</u><u>. </u>

<u>We </u><u>know </u><u>that</u><u>, </u>
Amount of heat energy = mass * specific heat * change in temperature
<u>That </u><u>is, </u>

<u>Subsitute </u><u>the </u><u>required </u><u>values </u><u>in </u><u>the </u><u>above </u><u>formula </u><u>:</u><u>-</u>




Hence, 104,500 J of heat is released to cool 250 grams of liquid water from 100° C to 0° C.

<u>We </u><u>have </u><u>to </u><u>tell </u><u>whether </u><u>the </u><u>above </u><u>process </u><u>is </u><u>endothermic </u><u>or </u><u>exothermic </u><u>:</u><u>-</u>
Here, In the above process ΔT is negative and as a result of it Q is also negative that means above process is Exothermic
- <u>Exothermic </u><u>process </u><u>:</u><u>-</u><u> </u><u>It </u><u>is </u><u>the </u><u>process </u><u>in </u><u>which </u><u>heat </u><u>is </u><u>evolved </u><u>. </u>
- <u>Endothermic </u><u>process </u><u>:</u><u>-</u><u> </u><u>It </u><u>is </u><u>the </u><u>process </u><u>in </u><u>which </u><u>heat </u><u>is </u><u>absorbed </u><u>.</u>