Bacteria to amphibians. amphibians started to turn to fish and some started walking to land. They started laying eggs and turning into reptiles. those reptiles started growing hair turning them into four legged mammals. the mammals then turned to primates which evolved into us.
Explanation:
<u>anaerobic process that restores NAD+ supply
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Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors:
- - a lack of inorganic, final electron acceptors
- -incomplete or lack of a complete electron transport system
- -missing genes for enzymes within the Kreb's cycle
Thus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.
Further Explanation:
overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate( through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
Oxidative phosphorylation describes a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2)
- The Citric acid or Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
- The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.
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Answer:
Cytokinesis
Explanation:
All living cells undergo division, it is the method employed in duplicating themselves. The division of cells involves two major processes viz; karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
Karyokinensis involves the division of the genetic material (DNA) in the nucleus. The chromosomes are initially separated into opposite poles/ends inside the cell. After which the cytoplasm of the whole cell then separates resulting in two daughter cells each having its own genetic material. This process is called CYTOKINESIS.
Although CYTOKINESIS occurs in all eukarotes and prokaryotes, the way it occurs in the eukaryotic plant and animal cells differ in the sense that, in animals, it occurs with the formation of a cleavage furrow as a result of pinching inward of the cell membrane until the two daughter cells form while in plants, a cell plate is formed at the cell's centre and a new membrabe and cell wall is formed around each cell plate.
Answer:
The correct answer is option D. "Null hypothesis".
Explanation:
Null hypothesis is characterized by stating that there is no difference between the specified populations, which is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis that states that there is a difference between the populations. Since the hypothesis included in the question states that "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events...", it is concluded that is an example of null hypothesis.
