中文泛指汉语语族及其书写系统。现代汉语（普通话）是世界上使用人数最多的语言。使用人数已达到十七亿以上。在中国，大陆使用简体汉字，港澳台地区使用繁体汉字。海外华人地区多使用繁体汉字。汉字的起源，有传说中的仓颉造字。我们现在能够确认距今约3000多年的甲骨文已经是非常成熟的文字体系，于1899年被发现。可以考证的汉字发展经历了甲骨文、金文、小篆、汉隶、楷书、行书、草书等过程，可以划分为两个大阶段。从甲骨文字到小篆是一个阶段；从秦汉时代的隶书以下是另一个阶段。前者属于古文字的范畴，后者属于近代文字的范畴。大体说来，从隶书到今天使用的现代汉字形体上没有太大的变化。从汉字跟汉语的关系看，汉字是一种语素文字。汉字代表的是汉语里的语素。汉字有独体字与合体字的区别。从构造上讲，合体字比独体字高一个层次 。合体字可以分成以下 3 类：①形声字。由表示意义的形旁和表示读音的声旁两部分组成；②合体会意字。是会合偏旁的字义来表现整个合体字的意义；③合体记号字。这种合体字的偏旁既不表意，也不表音。跟拼音文字相比，汉字最大的长处是能够超越空间和时间的限制，汉语是全世界唯一的三维文字，既有表音，又有表意，还有表形，是现阶段人类文明中最稳固也是最先进的语言体系 。
In the United States, a governor serves as the chief executive officer and commander-in-chief in each of the fifty states and in the five permanently inhabited territories, functioning as both head of state and head of government therein.[nb 1] As such, governors are responsible for implementing state laws and overseeing the operation of the state executive branch. As state leaders, governors advance and pursue new and revised policies and programs using a variety of tools, among them executive orders, executive budgets, and legislative proposals and vetoes. Governors carry out their management and leadership responsibilities and objectives with the support and assistance of department and agency heads, many of whom they are empowered to appoint. A majority of governors have the authority to appoint state court judges as well, in most cases from a list of names submitted by a nominations committee.[1]
All but five states (Arizona, Maine, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Wyoming) have a lieutenant governor. The lieutenant governor succeeds to the gubernatorial office (the powers and duties but not the office, in Massachusetts and West Virginia), if vacated by the removal from office, death, or resignation of the previous governor. Lieutenant governors also serve as unofficial acting state governors in case the incumbent governors are unable to fulfill their duties, and they often serve as presiding officers of the upper houses of state legislatures. But in such cases, they cannot participate in political debates, and they have no vote whenever these houses are not equally divided.
