1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
jeka57 [31]
3 years ago
9

CASE STUDY – Year 3 (KNOWNING AND UNDERSTANDING)

Medicine
1 answer:
vovangra [49]3 years ago
3 0

This study aimed to evaluate serum leptin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations in obese Ghanaians with or without type 2 diabetes and to find out the extent to which their levels are influenced by underlying disorders

Obese subjects with type 2 diabetes had lower leptin but higher hsCRP levels compared with obese non-diabetic controls. There were negative correlations within the control group for glucose vs % muscle mass (r = − 0.378, p = 0.016), leptin vs % muscle mass (r = − 0.555, p = 0.001) and within the obese diabetic group for leptin vs % muscle mass (r = − 0.602, p = 0.001). Obese persons without diabetes were about three times more likely to have higher leptin levels compared with their obese diabetic counterparts (Odds ratio = 3.315, p < 0.001). Obese females independently had a tenfold increase in leptin levels compared with obese males

Chronic disorders such as obesity and diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic proportions globally [1,2,3] with approximately eighty percent (80%) of the populace with type 2 diabetes mellitus either obese or overweight [4, 5]. Reports by International Diabetes Federation in 2015 revealed that an estimated (3.3–6.0) % of Ghanaians aged 20–79 years had diabetes mellitus with a further 7.8% being glucose impaired [1]. Inflammatory markers have generally been implicated in insulin resistance [6,7,8,9]. Leptin, a 16 kDa protein, secreted by the adipose tissue is a potential determinant of adiposity and risk for type 2 diabetes [10,11,12,13]. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), an acute phase protein is synthesized by the liver and increases in concentration following infection, inflammation or trauma [9]. Levels of hsCRP have been observed to be increased in obese persons with diabetes mellitus and correlate with measures of adiposity including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference [14, 15]. The extent to which these biomarkers contribute to metabolic function and/or dysfunction is not fully understood especially in relation to gender and ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum leptin and hsCRP concentrations in Ghanaian obese subjects with and/or without type 2 diabetes and to find out the extent to which their levels are influenced by the underlying disorder. We hypothesized that obese subjects with type 2 diabetes will have higher leptin and hsCRP levels compared with their obese non-diabetic counterpart

The study design was a cross-sectional one conducted among 160 obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) Ghanaian subjects between October 2014 and April 2015. Study participants included 80 type 2 diabetic persons attending the National Diabetes Management and Research Centre (NDMRC), Korle-Bu, Accra and 80 age and gender-matched obese staff/workers of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana without diabetes mellitus. Consecutive subjects who agreed to the study and met the criteria for inclusion were recruited. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), regarded as diagnostic of type 2 diabetes were performed on all volunteers. Obesity was defined based on BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Type 2 diabetes was confirmed by a physician at the National Diabetes Management and Research Centre (NDMRC), Korle-Bu, Accra, based on results of fasting blood glucose ≤ 6.9 mmol/L and a 2 h-OGTT > 11.1 mmol/L on two separate occasions. Case subjects were either being lifestyle managed or were on oral hypoglycemic drugs. A pre tested structured (Additional file 1: Questionnaire) was administered to assess the socio-economic status, medical history and medications, family history of diabetes mellitus, and level of physical activity of subjects. Habitual smokers, defined as subjects who smoked tobacco or other smoking products (and are still smoking) continuously for at least 6 months, persons with gestational diabetes, chronic illnesses (having a persistent ailment for more than 3 months), stroke or amputation were excluded from the study. Assuming an odds ratio of 2 among obese subjects for type 2 diabetes, at 95% confidence interval and a power of 80%, a sample size of 60 persons were adequate for this study. The study was approved (Protocol Identification Number: MS-Et/M.6–P3.2/2014-2015) by the Institutional Ethics and Protocol Review Committee of School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana. Detailed explanations on purpose of the study, risk and benefits were made known to participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Height of all participants were measured using a stadiometer (Secca, Germany).

You might be interested in
Why are scientists working to predict the source of the next pandemic in humans?
gtnhenbr [62]

Answer:

prevent future problems

Explanation:

so we can prevent future outbreaks and how we can carry but not have and how we spread even with no touching

8 0
3 years ago
Which area of research for helping SCI patients sounds the most promising to you?
frosja888 [35]

Answer:

sorry, alittle long but you need this

Explanation:

What are the symptoms?

The onset of ALS can be so subtle that the symptoms are overlooked but gradually these symptoms develop into more obvious weakness or atrophy.

Early symptoms include:

Muscle twitches in the arm, leg, shoulder, or tongue

Muscle cramps

Tight and stiff muscles (spasticity)

Muscle weakness affecting an arm, a leg, the neck, or diaphragm

Slurred and nasal speech

Difficulty chewing or swallowing

The first sign of ALS usually appears in the hand or arm and can show as difficulty with simple tasks such as buttoning a shirt, writing, or turning a key in a lock. In other cases, symptoms initially affect one leg. People experience awkwardness when walking or running, or they may trip or stumble more often. When symptoms begin in the arms or legs, it is referred to as “limb onset” ALS, and when individuals first notice speech or swallowing problems, it is termed “bulbar onset” ALS.

As the disease progresses, muscle weakness and atrophy spread to other parts of the body. Individuals may develop problems with moving, swallowing (called dysphagia), speaking or forming words (dysarthria), and breathing (dyspnea). Although the sequence of emerging symptoms and the rate of disease progression can vary from person to person, eventually individuals will not be able to stand or walk, get in or out of bed on their own, or use their hands and arms.

Individuals with ALS usually have difficulty swallowing and chewing food, which makes it hard to eat. They also burn calories at a faster rate than most people without ALS. Due to these factors, people with ALS tend to lose weight rapidly and can become malnourished.

Because people with ALS usually can perform higher mental processes such as reasoning, remembering, understanding, and problem solving, they are aware of their progressive loss of function and may become anxious and depressed. A small percentage of individuals may experience problems with language or decision-making, and there is growing evidence that some may even develop a form of dementia over time.

Individuals with ALS eventually lose the ability to breathe on their own and must depend on a ventilator. Affected individuals also face an increased risk of pneumonia during later stages of the disease. Besides muscle cramps that may cause discomfort, some individuals with ALS may develop painful neuropathy (nerve disease or damage).

7 0
2 years ago
Which hormone would not be severely affected by damage to hypothalamus
WARRIOR [948]

Answer:

Melatonin

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in the brain.

Explanation:

Hormones of the hypothalamus include

oxytocin

prolactin

Thyroid stimulating Hormones

4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
A client returns to the telemetry unit after an operative procedure. Which diagnostic test will the nurse perform to monitor the
Lena [83]

The nurse will perform pulse oximetry to monitor the effectiveness of the oxygen therapy ordered for the client.

<h3>What is pulse oximetry?</h3>

The oxygen saturation level of your blood can be measured with a non-invasive procedure called pulse oximetry.

It can quickly identify even minute variations in oxygen levels. These levels demonstrate how well blood transports oxygen to your arms and legs, which are the extremities that are farthest from your heart. It looks like a little clip and is called a pulse oximeter. It fastens to a body component, usually a finger.

Pulse oximetry is helpful for postoperative patients, monitoring individuals at risk for hypoxia, titrating oxygen therapy, and monitoring patients receiving oxygen therapy.

Learn more about pulse oximetry here:

brainly.com/question/8340469

#SPJ4

7 0
2 years ago
Which BEST explains why a patient who had a myocardial infarction will never recover, in spite of all the drugs prescribed to hi
Bas_tet [7]

Answer:

The answer correct aaaaa

6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Other questions:
  • What bony landmarks are most often seen at or around the joints
    12·1 answer
  • A manufacturer of migraine-relief medication must conduct studies to determine its TI, as mandated by which legislative act?
    7·1 answer
  • What is electrophoresis​
    11·2 answers
  • Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?
    9·1 answer
  • What is Bordetella<br> Bronchiseptica
    9·1 answer
  • The collision of a car against another object is the:
    11·1 answer
  • The sternum ___ <br> to the clavicle
    13·1 answer
  • 27.) If the binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor cell is the cause, what is the resulting effect? *
    9·1 answer
  • What is a contraindication?
    12·2 answers
  • A detailed description of known diseases and injuries called the DSM is published by the World Health Organization, a branch of
    8·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!