Answer:
A bottom-up system concentrates attention on how resources (space and nutrients) influence higher trophic forms , whereas a top-down system focuses on interactions at top level consumers (predators) and their prey influence on lower trophic forms.
Explanation:
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Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. yes this is true
- Our adaptive immune system protects us from infection-related mortality. An new-born born with a significantly compromised adaptive immune system may die shortly unless extreme steps are taken to isolate it from a wide range of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- The purpose of adaptive immunity is to eliminate invading infections as well as any harmful chemicals they create. Because these reactions are damaging, it is critical that they only occur in response to molecules that are alien to the host and not to molecules that are native to the host. The adaptive immune system's capacity to identify what is foreign from what is self is a fundamental feature.
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Answer:
A Starfish is Triploblastic meaning they consist of three germ layers. Hydra are diploblastic meaning they consist of only 2 germ layers.
Albert Einstein is an inventor and scientist, he was one of the main reasons the us is the us right now. Hope this helped!
