Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Answer:
1.
Explanation:
A signal from one gland to another would not be intercellular, as "inter" means inside. This means intercellular would stand for "Inside the Cell"
Answer:
Steroid hormones
Explanation:
Steroid hormones are the second largest groups of hormones. They are made up of small cholestrol units and are fat soluble, therefore they can pass easily through cell membranes.
Function:
They have roles in many vital functions of our body such as salt and water balance, formation of sexual traits,immunity related functions,metabolism and improving health by withstanding injuries.
Mode of action:
- Steroids being hormones can effect the processes of body in two ways: They affect the transcription of genes involved in synthesis of certain proteins- this is called genomic level action.
- They can affect by binding with specific membrane receptors like G-proteins, Ion channels and transporters- non genomic level function. Through these ways, they can affect many mechanisms occurring inside the cell.
Hope it helps!
Answer: How timothys parents were different races and it made him greek and jewish.
Explanation: Timothy came from a mixed racial background, in which his mother was Jewish and his father was Greek;
