I think the answer is osmosis
Explanation:
(a) 
This is acid base reaction because there is no change of oxidation state on either side of the reaction.
(b) 
This is a oxidation reduction reaction because sodium in elemental state ( 0 oxidation state) oxidizes to Na⁺ in NaCl. Also H⁺ in HCl reduces to H° in H₂.
(c) 
This is a oxidation reduction reaction because magnesium in elemental state ( 0 oxidation state) oxidizes to Mg²⁺ in MgCl₂. Also Cl° in Cl₂ reduces to Cl⁻ in MgCl₂.
(d) 
This is acid base reaction because there is no change of oxidation state on either side of the reaction.
(e) 
This is a oxidation reduction reaction because phosphorous in P³⁻ in K₃P oxidizes to P⁵⁺ in K₃PO₄ and oxygen reduces.
(f) 
This is acid base reaction because there is no change of oxidation state on either side of the reaction.
It is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
It doesn't have enough solute. So say someone likes sweet tea. If you were to add more sugar it would still dissolve no matter how much is in the glass. Sorry if this is confusing.