The answer for this question is ‘Epidemiology’
Answer:
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are one of the commonest causes of medication error in developed countries, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20-40%. In particular, poly-therapy increases the complexity of therapeutic management and thereby the risk of clinically important DDIs, which can both induce the development of adverse drug reactions or reduce the clinical efficacy. DDIs can be classify into two main groups: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. In this review, using Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and Reference lists we searched articles published until June 30 2012, and we described the mechanism of pharmacokinetic DDIs focusing the interest on their clinical implications.
Keywords: Absorption, adverse drug reaction, distribution, drug-drug interactions, excretion, metabolism, poly-therapy
Answer: c. the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Explanation:
Pulmonary ventillation is also called as breathing. This is the process which involves the inhalation or physical entry of air inside the lungs this process is called as inspiration. And the flow out of air out of the lungs is called as exhalation. The flow of air creates a pressure difference between the atmosphere and the lungs.
