Question

All of the following among A-D apply to toll-like receptors EXCEPT A. they bind to PAMPS B. they induce the release of cytokines when activated C. they directly lyse bound pathogens D. when stimulated, they activate the immune system of the body E. there are no exceptions, A-D are all true

Answer 1

The toll-like receptors do NOT directly lyse bound pathogens (Option C). These protein receptors play fundamental roles in the innate immune system.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are single-pass membrane-spanning protein receptors that play fundamental functions in the innate immune system.

TLRs are differentially expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells) in order to recognize evolutionary conserved antigenic domains in different pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. bacteria).

TLRs initiate innate immune responses such as, for example, inflammatory responses, by identifying conserved pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs).

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