Question

A behavior may be followed by a positive consequence, or reinforcer, such as food; or by a negative consequence, or punisher, such as a slap; or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again. the type of learning just described is

Answer 1

I believe the answer is: operant conditioning

In operant conditioning, the use of rewards and punishment is being done in order encourage or discourage the subject to do a certain behavior.

For example, let say a parent would scold the child when he's not doing homework and would let the child watch tv if he finish his homework.
This situation would encourage the child to finish the homework in the pursuit of the rewards and avoidance of the punishment.