The answer is functional-professional <span>touch.
</span>functional-professional touch refers to the type of touch to communicate something that solely related to the task at hand (not to build up emotional connection). It is important to be cautious in doing the functional-professional <span>touch in order to avoid mis-perception of unwanted advance.</span>
Purposive behaviorism
Edward c. Tolman's system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called Purposive behaviorism
A subfield of psychology called "purposeful behaviorism" was developed by Edward Tolman. It combines the study of behavior with an analysis of the reason for or objective of behavior. According to Tolman, understanding of the environment and how an organism interacts with it is the foundation for learning. Tolman wanted to pinpoint the intricate cognitive processes and motivations that underpinned conduct.
To know more about purposive behaviorism here
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It is a symbol to let they know where they were so they didn’t get lost.
I believe all the above aka 4 because the communities had to much of an over crowding which lead to crime and then a disease broke out which occurs in the 19th century
