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liraira [26]
3 years ago
13

Whh of the following best describes Earth's tectonic plates?

Biology
1 answer:
Murrr4er [49]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

The tectonic plates comprise the bottom of the crust And the top of Earth's mantle.

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Why are some pathogenic bacteria able to make toxins?
Angelina_Jolie [31]
A pathogen is a microorganism that is able to cause disease in a plant, animal or insect. Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease in a host organism. Microbes express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence, a term which refers to the degree of pathogenicity of the microbe. Hence, the determinants of virulence of a pathogen are any of its genetic or biochemical or structural features that enable it to produce disease in a host.

The relationship between a host and a pathogen is dynamic, since each modifies the activities and functions of the other. The outcome of such a relationship depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the relative degree of resistance or susceptibility of the host, due mainly to the effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms. Staphylococcus aureus, arguably the most prevalent pathogen of humans, may cause up to one third of all bacterial diseases ranging from boils and pimples to food poisoning, to septicemia and toxic shock. Electron micrograph from Visuals Unlimited, with permission.

The Underlying Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity

Two broad qualities of pathogenic bacteria underlie the means by which they cause disease:
1. Invasiveness is the ability to invade tissues. It encompasses mechanisms for colonization (adherence and initial multiplication), production of extracellular substances which facilitate invasion (invasins) and ability to bypass or overcome host defense mechanisms.

2. Toxigenesis is the ability to produce toxins. Bacteria may produce two types of toxins called exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth. Endotoxins are cell-associated substance. (In a classic sense, the term endotoxin refers to the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria). However, endotoxins may be released from growing bacterial cells and cells that are lysed as a result of effective host defense (e.g. lysozyme) or the activities of certain antibiotics (e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins). Hence, bacterial toxins, both soluble and cell-associated, may be transported by blood and lymph and cause cytotoxic effects at tissue sites remote from the original point of invasion or growth. Some bacterial toxins may also act at the site of colonization and play a role in invasion. Acid-fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis (TB). The bacteria are the small pink-staining rods. More than one-third of the world population is infected. The organism has caused more human deaths than any other bacterium in the history of mankind. Although its ability to produce disease is multifactorial, it is not completely understood. American Society of Microbiology, with permission.
6 0
2 years ago
Which factor causes the greatest increase in an area's flash flood risk?
leonid [27]
Can be a number of things, rain fall quota, climate, population, vegetation..any of those.
5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Based on the function of dna polymerase explain why each part of the name dna polymerase makes sense?
Sauron [17]

The enzyme known as DNA polymerase is responsible for creating DNA from nucleotide monomers. The enzyme's functions are indicated by its name, DNA polymerase. The term "DNA" refers to the fact that it generates DNA utilising nucleotides. "Polymer" signifies that the enzyme is converting monomeric nucleotides into a polymer molecule. Lastly, "ase" refers to an enzyme.

<h3>What role does DNA polymerase play ?</h3>

The primary role of DNA polymerases is to preserve the genome and guarantee that the genetic code is reliably transmitted from one generation to the next.

  • The essential enzyme for replication in eukaryotes is DNA polymerase. Additional DNA polymerases are used for primer removal, repair, and proofreading.

Learn more about DNA polymerase here:

brainly.com/question/21265857

#SPJ4

3 0
1 year ago
28. The figure below shows an animal tissue
saveliy_v [14]

Answer:

The tissues of multicellular, complex animals are four primary types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Recall that tissues are groups of similar cells group of similar cells carrying out related functions.

Explanation:

.

5 0
2 years ago
The diagram shows a model of an ecosystem.
Korvikt [17]

Answer: i would say D but i'm not entirely positive

Explanation:

this is showing how the energy is distributed between the types of organisms in an environment

8 0
3 years ago
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