All results for the experimental groups involving wing surgery would be invalid.
Explanation:
The experimental group involving wing surgery would not lead to correct results because it is a direct parameter that is impaired. This has been already clearly stated in the question that these flies are prone to attack compared to those which are not treated. There could be several reasons for that such as: (1) the reattachment would not have been successful, and/or (2) the flies' health (fitness) status would have been compromised.
On the other hand, it is not correct that all experimental groups will lead to incorrect results because the untreated flies were not attacked (or less attacked). Similarly, there is no condition given for houseflies rather only zonosemata flies. So 3rd option is also not possible. Finally, the reliability of the results would definitely change because the treated flies would be more attacked and lead to a clear difference in results.
The lack of ATP would slow nerve responses to generate an action potential
Explanation:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main source of energy in the cells. Moreover, ATPases are pumps that use ATP in order to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane and thus create an action potential. In stressful situations (e.g., escape from a predator) the lack of ATP would not allow to develop fast nerve responses, thereby ATP is required during rest periods and the flow of ions is used when is required a fast response.
<span>James Ussher was a creative scholar, a church leader
and became famous for his genuine letters of the church. He is the Archbishop
of all Ireland and majorly impacted Reformation theology. He is best
known for his chronology research that concluded Adam was created in 4004
B.C. In reality, Ussher was a first-class scholar very involved in
scholarly research. He regularly interacted with “the most learned men of the
day” to intellectually savor their ideas. He was also “a real connoisseur of
books,” and there was scarcely a book in any British library that he was
unfamiliar with. While James Hutton is known as the Father of Modern Geology,
Hutton is a Scottish Geologist and a naturalist who originated the concept of
earth’s crust during geological history, which explains the features of the
Earth's crust by means of natural processes over geologic time. Hutton
had formulated controversial theories of the origin of the earth and of
atmospheric changes known as 'uniformitarian’s'. This paved the way for modern
geological science.</span>
