VAT is the regulation that some countries used to regulate how much organizations can charge for certain goods and services.
VAT stands for value-added tax. The main purpose concerned with the introduction of VAT was the elimination of the presence of the condition of double taxation and the cascading effect that takes place then on the existing sales tax structure. A cascading effect is the one which when there is a tax levied on a product occurs at the sale in each and every step.
A value-added tax is sometimes known as a goods and services tax or GST in some countries which is a particular type of tax incrementally assessed. At each stage of production, it is levied on the price of a product, distribution, or sale that exists to the end consumer.
If it is considered that the ultimate consumer is a business that collects and pays VAT to the government for the products or services as well as it can reclaim the tax paid. It is as similar and often compared with a particular sales tax. VAT is considered an indirect tax because the person bearing the burden of the tax is not the same person as the one who necessarily pays the tax authorities the concerned taxes which is to be paid.
In general, some countries charge VAT as a kind of regulation that is to be imposed on certain organizations to charges goods and services.
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Classical conditioning is an approach in which stimulus are combined to modeling an individual behavior. It is a learning process in which a stimulus generates a response in the individual. It was studied at first by Ivan Pavlov in 1897. His experiments at first time were made with dogs.
Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning propose by Skinner, are the base of Behaviorism. Behaviorism is an approach which atemp to understand the behavior of humans being and animals.According to Behaviorism, all behaviors are a response to a stimulus. In Behaviorism there are two vital factors: reinforcement and punishment, used as a way to model individual behavior. For them, are especially important the enviroment factors.
There are 5 basic components of classical conditioning:
- Neutral stimulus: a stimulus that does no have response before conditioning.
- Unconditioned response: a natural response.
- Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that naturally provocates a response.
- Conditioned response: a learned response to a previous neutral stimulus.
- Conditioned stimulus: first is irrelevant stimulus but after association with an unconditioned stimulus generates a conditioned response.
This answer is based on the following articles: https://web.stanford.edu/class/psych227/RESCORLA%20(1988).pdf; https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/bar/index.aspx?tab=1; http://community.dur.ac.uk/robert.kentridge/comp3.html
The answer is C a government in which power is divided between state and national levels.
When fighting between France and England intensified,Jefferson tried to craft a foreign policy
All the power is held by the dictator