Answer: Hydrogen bonds
Explanation: The CAS9 enzyme affect the bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate backbone of the PAM sequence in the target DNA
Answer:
The neutrophil is the first line of defense, it is called as PMN OR POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHIL, this cell is said to be the first line of defense for the first to reach the area of infection or in the area of trauma, this upon reaching that area (where it is attracted by defense chemomodulators) it recognizes the bacteria or the foreign body as an antigen, since these do not present the cellular histocompatibility complex of our organism, by recognizing it as an antigen, this cell can detect that it is not something typical of our body but something new that was inoculated, is how this phagocyte to the bacteria and induces its own programmed cell death.
In an injury or infection, the purulent collection is not only debris and pathogenic microorganisms, but they are dead cell bodies of PMNs that induce their own cell death with the battery inside to be able to inhibit its advance in our body, when this phenomenon passes the PMN it is called a peach.
Explanation:
In the event that no antibodies are present, it would not change much if it is the first time that the bacteria enters our body since the formation of antibodies by the lymphocyte cell line occurs as the last stage of immunity (neutrophils appear first, then the antigen presenting cells and finally the lymphocyte lineage in charge of making immunological memory with antibodies).
The PMN are guided more than anything by the humoral factor of the immune response, but the proinflammatory factor like cytokines or leukins, but not by the antibodies, that is why he wrote this process of bacterial assimilation in the response.
Liters because liters are larger than milliliters.
Answer:
Once the heart stops beating, that means the blood in the body is no longer circulated, meaning that gravity starts to do its work. The blood starts to pool (liver mortis) at the bottom of wherever the body was positioned (which can help indicate if a body has been moved since they died in homicide cases etc.), and the body starts to turn that green-ish blue color, with a dark-purpley color forming at the bottom of wherever gravity takes it (for example, if the body died and remained in a position standing up, then the blood would pool at the feet, whereas if the body died and remained laying on its back, then the pooling would occur in the back area of the body). Additionally, rigor mortis (you can remember it as being <em>rigid</em>) occurs, which is when the body locks up, so the joints lock and are unable to move, which is why it is often hard to get rid of/pack up and throw away a body because over the span of several hours the body locks up (it eventually wears off). Lastly, we have algor mortis, which is the change in temperature of the cadaver. Since the blood is no longer circulating, the body has nothing to retain a constant temperature anymore. The body will begin to change the temperature accordingly based on the surrounding temperature (environments that are hotter than the body will heat it up and similarly to cooler environments). If the body is found before it reaches the local temperature, then the current temperature can be used to help estimate and determine the time of death (there is a formula for this, but I'll leave it up to you if you want to look into it). After a few days, the body will start to decompose, and it will inhabit insects, especially flies and such, and the stage of development of the larvae and/or fly can also help estimate and determine the time and date of death.
I hope this helps :) lmk if you need anything else
What system are we talking about? Context is needed... water cycle, cells, etc?
