Lyophilization Methods of microbial control do not rely on protein denaturation and/or disruption of cell membrane integrity
Lyophilization Freeze-drying or freeze-drying is the process of freezing the product and placing it under vacuum, then removing the water from the product, allowing the ice cream to go directly from solid to vapor without going through a liquid phase. Freeze-drying is a water removal process commonly used to preserve perishable materials, extend shelf life, or make materials easier to transport. Freeze-drying is to sublime the frozen water in the material by lowering the pressure and applying heat after freezing the material. Lyophilization converts pharmaceuticals into stable solids by removing water from liquids
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The best evidence of such phenomena could be a population's genetic variation decrease.
When a population bottleneck occur it means that for some reason (i.e. environmental events) the size of a population is largely reduced. This leads to reduction of the genetic variation in that new smaller population. When a bottleneck occur, the founder effect is normally seen, which is that one population is established by a small group of a previously larger population leading once again the genetic variation, now though with a bigger population, to be very reduced.
Answer:
Ionic bonds form when atoms gain or lose electrons, because electrons are negatively charged an atom that loses one or more electrons will become positively charged. Ionic bonding is the attraction between negatively and positively charged electrons. Hope this helps :)
There are 2 of them :-
1) Phagocytes
2) Macrophages.
These WBCs attach themselves to disease causing pathogens & then engulf them resulting in the destruction of the pathogens.
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Hope it helps!
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