In general a description of the required inputs and outputs is established then encoded with the minimum variety necessary. The mapping of input bits to output bits can then produce an estimate of the minimum hardware or software components necessary to produce the desired control behaviour; for example, in a piece of computer software or computer hardware.
The cybernetician Frank George discussed the variety of teams competing in games like football or rugby to produce goals or tries. A winning chess player might be said to have more variety than his losing opponent. Here a simple ordering is implied. The attenuation and amplification of variety were major themes in Stafford Beer's work in management [5] (the profession of control, as he called it). The number of staff needed to answer telephones, control crowds or tend to patients are clear examples.
The application of natural and analogue signals to variety analysis require an estimate of Ashby's "powers of discrimination" (see above quote). Given the butterfly effect of dynamical systems care must be taken before quantitative measures can be produced. Small quantities, which might be overlooked, can have big effects. In his Designing Freedom Stafford Beer discusses the patient in a hospital with a temperature denoting fever.[8] Action must be taken immediately to isolate the patient. Here no amount of variety recording the patients' average temperature would detect this small signal which might have a big effect. Monitoring is required on individuals thus amplifying variety (see Algedonic alerts in the viable system model or VSM). Beer's work in management cybernetics and VSM is largely based on variety engineering.
Further applications involving Ashby's view of state counting include the analysis of digital bandwidth requirements, redundancy and software bloat, the bit representation of data types and indexes, analogue to digital conversion, the bounds on finite state machines and data compression. See also, e.g., Excited state, State (computer science), State pattern, State (controls) and Cellular automaton. Requisite Variety can be seen in Chaitin's Algorithmic information theory where a longer, higher variety program or finite state machine produces incompressible output with more variety or information content.
In 2009[9] James Lovelock suggested burning and burying carbonized agricultural waste to sequester carbon. A variety calculation requires estimates of global annual agricultural waste production, burial and pyrolysis efficiency to estimate the mass of carbon thus sequestered from the atmosphere.
Answer:
Explanation:
i only know the first one for te
Maintain carbon dioxide emissions at 9.8 for the rest of scenario one.
2020 6 58.2
2030 58.6
2040 58
2050 59.2
2060 59.6
2070 59.8
2080 60
2090 60.2
2100 60.4
2110 60.8
Scenario Two: Carbon dioxide emissions decrease
• Set the carbon dioxide emissions rate to 9.8 gigatons.
• Set the time step size to 10 years.
• Select the step forward button once.
• Decrease the carbon dioxide emissions by 0.2 and press step forward.
• Continue stepping forward once, decreasing the carbon emissions each time, until you reach 2110.
• Record the data in the table below.
Even leaders are not above the law.
Some watered-down history: King John abused his power and would unfairly tax his people and broke many laws. Barons grew angry of his abuse and started a rebellion which forced King John to sign the Magna Carta. It established the idea that no one is above the law. In the US’s govt. and Constitution it is know as “supreme law of the land”
The other answers are ideas of John Locke.
Answer:whether a state violates the Due Process or Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment by prohibiting couples to marry,
Explanation:
Answer:
because, the court believes the issue is political rather than legal and should be handled by state and national government.
Explanation:
A republican form of government is one in which the political authority that is operational comes from the people. As seen in the United States of America, power is given to the government of the area by the citizens through its elected representatives. This is visibly spelt out in the constitution of the country and the third president of the U.S, Thomas Jefferson, asked the colonists at that time to move away from monarchy and become republican citizens themselves.
The supreme court of the country decided not to get involved in the definition of the term “republican form of government” because they rightly see the issue to be political in nature rather than legal and they expect the state and national government to handle it.
