Your brother is now 11. If your brother is 3, you put '8+x'=x+5 to get your cousins age. Once you have x+5, set it equal to 2(x-3) and solve that. You should get x+5=2x-6 and you get x=11. You add 8 to get your cousins age. So your brother is 11 and your cousin is 19.
The base is 4 x 10. which means that you can divide 160 by 40 to get the hieght. (The height is 4)
For Samantha, 2 tick marks east is 120 units east because 1 tick is 60 units.
For Ryu, 8 tick marks west is 480 units west because 1 tick is 60 units.
They are walking to form a line. Just add their distances from 0.
120 + 480 = 600.
--------------------------0----------------------------
Ryu: 480 Samantha: 120
480 + 120 = 600.
600 units, or feet.