In general a description of the required inputs and outputs is established then encoded with the minimum variety necessary. The mapping of input bits to output bits can then produce an estimate of the minimum hardware or software components necessary to produce the desired control behaviour; for example, in a piece of computer software or computer hardware.
The cybernetician Frank George discussed the variety of teams competing in games like football or rugby to produce goals or tries. A winning chess player might be said to have more variety than his losing opponent. Here a simple ordering is implied. The attenuation and amplification of variety were major themes in Stafford Beer's work in management [5] (the profession of control, as he called it). The number of staff needed to answer telephones, control crowds or tend to patients are clear examples.
The application of natural and analogue signals to variety analysis require an estimate of Ashby's "powers of discrimination" (see above quote). Given the butterfly effect of dynamical systems care must be taken before quantitative measures can be produced. Small quantities, which might be overlooked, can have big effects. In his Designing Freedom Stafford Beer discusses the patient in a hospital with a temperature denoting fever.[8] Action must be taken immediately to isolate the patient. Here no amount of variety recording the patients' average temperature would detect this small signal which might have a big effect. Monitoring is required on individuals thus amplifying variety (see Algedonic alerts in the viable system model or VSM). Beer's work in management cybernetics and VSM is largely based on variety engineering.
Further applications involving Ashby's view of state counting include the analysis of digital bandwidth requirements, redundancy and software bloat, the bit representation of data types and indexes, analogue to digital conversion, the bounds on finite state machines and data compression. See also, e.g., Excited state, State (computer science), State pattern, State (controls) and Cellular automaton. Requisite Variety can be seen in Chaitin's Algorithmic information theory where a longer, higher variety program or finite state machine produces incompressible output with more variety or information content.
In 2009[9] James Lovelock suggested burning and burying carbonized agricultural waste to sequester carbon. A variety calculation requires estimates of global annual agricultural waste production, burial and pyrolysis efficiency to estimate the mass of carbon thus sequestered from the atmosphere.
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Answer:
Probation- When a criminal is released from detention and supervised instead of spending time in prison.
Parole- When a prisoner is released for a short period of time for something special or permanently before they finish there sentence.
Community Corrections- The supervision of criminal offenders in the resident population, as opposed to confining offenders in secure correctional facilities.
Explanation:
If a person is intoxicated through drink or drugs and commits a crime then the intoxication may be to prevent the defendant forming the reasons for crime.
Explanation:
If the defendant claim responsibility on the substance intoxication in a criminal law then it is known as defense of intoxication.
For example if the police takes a blood test to measure the blood alcohol content(BAC) of the driver and then if BAC level is above the limit then it is considered as the evidence of intoxication.
Mistake of fact relates to the person committing illegal act and defence of crime. If the person commits illegal act and tries to escape by claiming ignorance of the law is known as mistake of law.
