Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
Marble and slate are examples of impermeable rocks.
<span>During a micro-sleep, you are likely to have a blank stare, sudden shake of the body, head snapping and you are not able to recall a last minute.
The duration of micro-sleep are from 1 second to 30 second.
It can happen to anyone and at any time of the day. there are many reason of micro-sleep and it is said to be dangerous, especially when you are driving.
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Answer:
b. Segments can become specialized on a particular function
Explanation:
Segmentation conditions virtually every aspect of the structure and functioning of animals with a consecutive body. Generally speaking, we can say that the main advantage of segmentation is that each segment can become specialized in a specific function.
One of its advantages is related to locomotion and comes, on the one hand, from the fact that the volume of celiac fluid remains constant in each compartment, acting as an antagonistic force against which muscles can act and, on the other, from the possibility of independently control each segment
. This allows the peristaltic movement (circular muscle contraction wave followed by longitudinal muscle contraction) to be localized and involve only those muscles that are strictly necessary, making the movement's energy needs considerably more profitable.
The compartmentalization of the body led to the repetition of structures, namely excretory, nervous and circulatory in each segment. This can be seen as another advantage of segmentation as it may lessen the impact of damage to the animal's body; Undamaged segments can maintain their normal functions and thus increase the likelihood that the animal will overcome the damage sustained.
Another advantage is that segmentation allows modification of certain portions of the body to perform specialized functions such as feeding, locomotion and reproduction.
