Answer:
A bottom-up system concentrates attention on how resources (space and nutrients) influence higher trophic forms , whereas a top-down system focuses on interactions at top level consumers (predators) and their prey influence on lower trophic forms.
Explanation:
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Answer:
bio -characteristic of life
The skull size of each species!
It's the size of the skull specifically the jaw bones, that can help determine relationships of two hominid species.
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In this example of evolutionary development, we can see a selective advantage.
Developing of new characteristics, in this case, the spots on moth's wings is a part of the process of adaptation of organisms to their environment.
The new characteristics are acquired through mutations and natural selection filters the ones that are the most beneficial for the holder.
For example, a mutation which results in moths having shorter wings is disadvantageous, because it makes the individual who possesses it less likely to survive and reproduce.
On the other hand, developing of spots that resemble eyes can be advantageous, since it enables the holder of the trait to be more successful and more likely to leave offspring.
<span>Sponges have cellular-level organization, meaning that that their cells are specialized so that different cells perform different functions, but similar cells are not organized into tissues and bodies are a sort of loose aggregation of different kinds of cells. This is the simplest kind of cellular organization found among parazoans.
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