First, let's distinguish active from passive immunity:
- Active immunity occurs in a direct exposure of individuals to live pathogens. The result is a development of a disease. After that, individuals acquire immunity to the disease.
- Passive immunity is induced by vaccines with antibodies for a disease, so the disease does not develop.
<span>a. ACTIVE IMMUNITY - Bill had a disease, so it must be active immunity.
</span>b. PASSIVE IMMUNITY - Bill got a vaccine and a disease did not develop, so it must be passive immunity.
c. <span>PASSIVE IMMUNITY - Although, 3-month-old daughter did not get a vaccine, she has mother's antibodies from the milk so she will not develop a disease.</span>
Answer:
The mouse population would be affected because of the relationship between mice and owls have in the food chain is competitive, thus meaning the mouse population would decrease.
Explanation:
Energy can not be created nor destroyed, leaving the only possible answer to be "b," when energy changes from one form to another.
The correct answer is that mammals use a closed, double loop , four chambered heart as a circulatory system of the body.
The circulatory system of mammals is closed system that consists of four chambers, two articles and two ventricles. The deoxygenated blood comes into the heart from one loop and the oxygenated blood from other loop from the heart is circulated to the whole body. This is called as double circulation.
<span>Cytotoxic t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat intracellular pathogens, whereas helper t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat extracellular pathogens.
</span>Cytotoxic t-cell are CD8+ cells. Cytotoxic t-cell uses granzymes to <span>kill </span><span>intracellular bacteria, that lives in the cytosol such as viruses. They identify the pathogen forgein peptids that are bounded to MHC-I on the cell surface.
</span>
cd4+ T helper (Th) cells include Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. They contribute to aliergic reactions and fighting extracellular parasites.
