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the modern president that had the biggest impact is Lyndon Johnson
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Popes patronized the arts
Spend money on personal pleasures
Fought Wars
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People who live in individualist cultures tend to value independence, competition, and personal achievement, while people from collectivist cultures tend to value social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs.
The ethical theory of John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) is most fully expressed in his classic text Utilitarianism (1861). Its goal is to justify the principle of utility as the foundation of morality. This principle states that an action is correct insofar as it tends to promote general human well-being.
The Utility or Maximum Happiness Principle states that an action is right insofar as it tends to promote happiness, and wrong insofar as it tends to produce the opposite of happiness. Happiness means lack of pleasure and pain. Through unhappiness, pain and joy deprivation.
Utility Principle – “Actions are proportionately right because they tend to promote happiness. Wrong because they tend to produce the exact opposite of happiness.” – Central to Mill's ethical philosophy
John Stuart Mill was one of the most important thinkers of the 19th century. He wrote on logic, economics, political philosophy, and religion. His work Utilitarianism offers a mindset that promises to maximize happiness for those who practice it.
Learn more about john mill at
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it has high economical effect as The British economy was transformed by the Atlantic slave trade. In 1700, 80 per cent of British trade went to Europe from ports on the east and south coasts.
By 1800, 60 per cent of British trade went to Africa and America, sailing from the three main west coast ports - Glasgow, Liverpool and Bristol.
Ports such as London, Bristol and Liverpool prospered as a direct result of involvement in the slave trade. Other ports, such as Glasgow, profited from the tobacco trade. Thousands of jobs were created in Britain supplying goods and services to slave traders.
In a period that saw Britain industrialize, profits could be made by exporting manufactured British goods to Africa and then further profits accrued from imported slave products such as sugar, which became very fashionable with the British people.
The slave trade was important in the development of the wider economy - financial, commercial, legal and insurance institutions all emerged to support the activities of the slave trade. Some merchants became bankers and many new businesses were financed by profits made from slave-trading.
The slave trade played an important role in providing British industry with access to raw materials. This contributed to the increased production of manufactured goods.
The graphic below shows the parts of Britain's economy that benefited from the slave trade
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