Answer:
1. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate
2. Ligand-gated channels open leading to depolarization
3. End plate potential triggers an action potential
4. Transverse tubules convey action potentials into the interior of the muscle fiber
5. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
6. Calcium ions bind to troponin, which then moves tropomyosin
Explanation:
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a signaling molecule (neurotransmitter) that binds to receptors on muscle cells. This binding triggers the opening of ligand-gated sodium channels, thereby ions enter into muscle cells, which causes the depolarization of the sarcolemma and thus promotes the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The myoneural junction, also known as the motor endplate, is the site of synaptic contact between a motor axon and a skeletal muscle fiber. The endplate potential is the voltage that produces the depolarization of muscle fibers when ACh molecules bind to their receptors in the cell membrane. This depolarization spreads in the sarcolemma through transverse tubules (T tubules) and thus generates an action potential. Finally, this action potential induces the release of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which activates troponin protein and induces muscle contraction.
Answer:
A protein with its amino-terminus in the cytoplasm and its carboxy-terminus in the extracellular space. (Ans. A)
Explanation:
Integral membrane protein (IMP) is defined as a membrane protein molecule which is directly attached to the biological membrane known as phospholipid bilayers. All transmembrane proteins are integral membrane protein but not all integral membrane protein are transmembrane proteins.
Integral membrane proteins function as a transporter, receptors, channels, proteins which is responsible for cell adhesion, proteins are also Involved in transduction and build up of energy.
Membrane proteins are class according to their transmembrane domain properties. The N-terminus of an integral membrane protein type I is in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, where N-terminus of an integral membrane protein type II in the cytoplasm.
Genetically modified organisms are those organisms in which certain gene is inserted to get the desired beneficial results.
Explanation:
A genetically modified organism is an organism or plant altered for beneficial traits which would not have been possible by the traditional mating process or recombination techniques.
Genetic engineering is the technique involved for the construction of gene of interest and inserting them in the host species for getting expressed.
Many fruitful results have come out like a tomato of long shelf life k/a flavr savr.
Apart from molecular techniques used for cloning, CRISPR is the recent innovation which had made it very simple.
The GMOs can solve the food problem of the world as Single-cell proteins and longer shelved life food.
Disease resistant plants can be formed for better yields.
Nutrition level of food can be increased.
Example of GMO are canola, corn, papaya, soy and many animals are also on the list.
ANSWER:
B- increase the number of caterpillars
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