Question

What penetration model should be used when a company's management team does not wish to disclose that penetration testing is being conducted?

Answer 1

black box

     What is black box?

• A black box is a system that can only be understood in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics) in the fields of science, computing, and engineering. The way it's implemented is "opaque" (black). The phrase can be used to describe a variety of internal mechanisms, including those of a transistor, an engine, an algorithm, the human brain, as well as those of organizations and governments.
• Around 1945, it appears that the phrase "black box" acquired its contemporary connotation and entered the English language. The process of network synthesis from transfer functions, which led to the idea that electronic circuits are considered to be "black boxes" determined by how they react to signals sent to their ports, may be traced back to Wilhelm Cauer, who first published his concepts in 1941.
• Although Cauer did not use the term himself, those who followed him undoubtedly did.  Vitold Belevitch dates the concept of black-boxes back even further, claiming that Franz Breisig was the first to explicitly treat two-port networks as black boxes in 1921 and that 2-terminal components were implicitly treated as black-boxes before that.
• The "explanatory principle," the theory of a causal relationship between the input and the output, provides the foundation for comprehending a black box. This concept argues that the system's inputs and outputs are separate, are observable (and related), and are opaque to the observer (non-openable).

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