The seasons are caused as the Earth, tilted on its axis, travels in a loop around the Sun each year. Summer happens in the hemisphere tilted towards the Sun, and winter happens in the hemisphere tilted away from the Sun. As the Earth travels around the Sun, the hemisphere that is tilted towards or away from the Sun changes.
Answer:
free molecules; plasma membrane
Explanation:
-Venom are complex mixtures of molecules called "toxins"
-Plasma membrane is the membrane found in cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
The recessive phenotype is used first to determine the q squared value because it is only expressed when h0m0zygous.
<h3>What is a recessive phenotype?</h3>
A recessive phenotype is a phenotype which expresses the recessive trait of a gene.
The recessive phenotype is always h0m0zygous for that triat to be expressed.
In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, the allele and phenotype frequencies are given as follows:
where;
- p^2 is the h0m0zygous dominant phenotype frequency
- 2pq is the heterozygous phenotype frequency
- q^2 is the h0m0zygous recessive phenotype frequency
Therefore, the recessive phenotype is used first to determine the q squared value because it is only expressed when h0m0zygous.
Learn more about recessive phenotype at: brainly.com/question/22117
