Twisted copper telephone wire, coaxial copper cable, fiber-optical cable, and media for wireless transmission are all physical transmission medium.
A system or material that can mediate the propagation of signals for telecommunications purposes is referred to as a transmission medium. Typically, signals are applied to a wave of some sort that is appropriate for the selected medium.
For instance, data may modulate sound, and while air is a common transmission channel for sounds, solids and liquids can also be used. A useful transmission medium for electromagnetic waves like light and radio waves is vacuum or air.
Although a physical substance is not necessary for the propagation of electromagnetic waves, these waves are typically impacted by the transmission medium they pass through, for example, by absorption, reflection, or refraction at the interfaces between media. Therefore, waves can be transmitted or guided using technical devices.
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