Question

Imagine that you are studying alien life-forms discovered on a distant planet. While geneticists are working out the genetic code of these organisms, you are asked to construct a phylogenetic tree based on four morphological features, or characters: presence or absence of a spring tail, presence or absence of a grasping hand, presence or absence of a second tail, and number of eyes. The organisms have been divided into five groups based on these characters.

Answer 1

A phylogenetic tree based on morphology can be constructed using the presence or lack of characteristics. In this illustration, all aliens except the outgroup possess a spring tail, all aliens possess a fourth eye, two aliens possess two tails, and one alien has a grasping hand. The evolutionary relationships between these organisms can be hypothesized using these traits.

Aliens:

• We can determine whether the following traits are present in the remaining aliens by using the group of aliens with the tail stalk as our test group.
• Out group: a group that is maintained apart from the clade but is yet connected to it.
• If we provide these aliens alphabets for ease of understanding, then aliens will be like in order.
• We can use the group of aliens with the tail stalk as our test group to see if the following characteristics are present in the remaining aliens.
• A group that is kept separate from the clade while yet being affiliated with it is known as an out group.
• The aliens will appear to be in order if we give them alphabets for simplicity.

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