The correct answer is <span>Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier. Hope this helps!</span>
Answer:
![[Pb^{2+}]=3.9 \times 10^{-2}M](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5BPb%5E%7B2%2B%7D%5D%3D3.9%20%5Ctimes%2010%5E%7B-2%7DM)
this is the concentration required to initiate precipitation
Explanation:
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Precipitation starts when ionic product is greater than solubility product.
Ip>Ksp
Precipitation starts only when solution is supersaturated because solution become supersaturated then it does not stay in this form and precipitation starts itself only solution become saturated.
This usually happens when two solutions containing separate sources of cation and anion are mixed together and here also we are mixing lead (||)nitrate solution(source of lead(||)) into the Cl- solution.
![Ip=[Pb^{2}][2Cl^-]^2=Ksp](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Ip%3D%5BPb%5E%7B2%7D%5D%5B2Cl%5E-%5D%5E2%3DKsp)

lets solubility=S
![[Pb^{2+}] = S](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5BPb%5E%7B2%2B%7D%5D%20%3D%20S)
![[Cl^-]=2S](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5BCl%5E-%5D%3D2S)
![Ksp=[Pb^{2+}]\times [Cl^-]^2](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Ksp%3D%5BPb%5E%7B2%2B%7D%5D%5Ctimes%20%5BCl%5E-%5D%5E2)


![S=\sqrt[3]{\frac{Ksp}{4} }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=S%3D%5Csqrt%5B3%5D%7B%5Cfrac%7BKsp%7D%7B4%7D%20%7D)

this is the concentration required to initiate precipitation
The advantage of steam distillation over simple distillation is that the lower boiling point reduces decomposition of temperature -sensitive compounds.
Here, we are required to determine the volume of the earth which is 1.08326 × 10¹² km³ in liters.
<em>The volume of the earth is approximately</em>,
, 1.08326 × 10²⁴ liters
By conversion factors;
- <em>1dm³ = 1liter</em>
- However; <em>1km = 10000dm = 10⁴ </em><em>dm</em>
- Therefore, 1km³ = (10⁴)³ dm³.
Consequently, 1km³ = 10¹²dm³ = 10¹²liters.
The conversion factor from 1km³ to liters is therefore, c.f = 10¹²liters/km³
Therefore, the volume of the earth which is approximately, 1.08326 × 10¹² km³ can be expressed in liters as;
<em>1.08326 × 10¹² km³ × 10¹²liters/km³ </em>
The volume of the earth is approximately,
1.08326 × 10²⁴ liters.
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