"These" should be referring to Alkali Metals.
They include metals such as Lithium, Sodium, Potassium etc.
They're classified as Group I elements because they all have one outmost shell electrons. This is why these metals are so reactive because they only need to lose one electron in order to achieve the octet of electrons (or duplet for Lithium), which means complete outmost shell electrons (2 or the 1st shell, others are 8).
The reason why they're especially reactive to Halogens (Group VII) elements are that Halogens have 7 outmost shell electrons, which only needs one more electron in order to get to the octet of electrons. So, if an Alkali metal reacts with a Halogen, the metal would give one of their electrons to the Halogen, that way, both of the elements can have an octet of electrons (or duplet).
Answer:
A is the correct answer
Explanation:
the existed about 3.8to 4.0 billion years ago
Answer:
All living things
Explanation:
Climate affects everything
Explanation:
diffusion is movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
2a)molecules will be moving out of the cell
b)molecules will be moving into the cell
3i)molecules will be moving into the cell
ii)molecules will be moving out of the cell
iii)there is no movement since concentration is equal inside and outside the cell
The "scissors" of the molecular biology are: DNA Restriction enzymes.
A restriction enzyme is a protein capable of cleaving a DNA fragment at a characteristic nucleotide sequence called a restriction site. Each restriction enzyme thus recognizes a specific site. Several hundred restriction enzymes are currently known.
Naturally present in a large number of species of bacteria, these enzymes have become important tools in genetic engineering.
The "glue" of the molecular biology are: DNA ligase
In molecular biology, DNA ligases are ligase-class enzymes that catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two segments of DNA. DNA ligases are involved in several essential cellular processes of DNA metabolism: in DNA replication, suture of Okazaki fragments, and in DNA repair and homologous recombination.
The use of these tools in molecular biology: Cloning
Molecular cloning is one of the bases of genetic engineering. It consists of inserting a DNA fragment (called insert) in an appropriate vector such as a plasmid for example. The new plasmid thus created will then be introduced into a host cell, generally the Escherichia coli bacterium. This will then be selected and multiplied to obtain a large amount of the plasmid of interest. Cloning a gene involves inserting it into a plasmid. A clone will be the bacterial transformant that contains this particular plasmid. In this case we speak of clone because all the individuals of the bacterial colony are genetically identical. Molecular cloning is thus different from reproductive cloning (creating an individual genetically identical to another but of a different age) or therapeutic cloning (making tissues from stem cells to perform transplants compatible with the recipient).
Molecular cloning requires restriction enzymes capable of cleaving the DNA, and DNA ligase capable of re-gluing the DNA fragments. Ligase was isolated for the first time from T4 bacteriophage. This enzyme is involved in the repair and replication of DNA. It can bind DNA fragments with compatible sticky ends. At higher concentration, this enzyme is also able to bind two ends of DNA as shown here. T4 DNA ligase works using ATP and Mg ++. It has an activity optimum of 16 ° C, but remains active at room temperature.
