<span>The way how claiming more allowances on a W-4 form affect the deductions on a paycheck is shown in the second option: less will be deducted for taxes. The W-4 form is meant to tell the employer the actual amount of tax to withhold from a paycheck. There is an unwritten law of this system: the more allowances you claim, the less tax will be withheld from each paycheck. And the same happens with fewer allowances- the larger withholding amount, which can lead to a refund.</span>
The methodology of anything is how it's done. In an observational study, methodology would describe how the study is done: how the data is collected and how decisions are made.
paired t–test is used when there is one measurement variable and two nominal variables. The most common design is that one nominal variable represents individual organisms, while the other is "before" and "after" some treatment.
