The vertebral column is composed of 33 bones before <u>fusing</u>; some later fuse to form 26 separate bones.
The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is a long, flexible column of bones extending from the skull to the tailbone. It is made up of 33 vertebrae, separated into five sections: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. In between each vertebra is a disc of cartilage that acts as a shock absorber, allowing the bones to move independently of one another.
The vertebral column also houses the spinal cord, which is a bundle of nerves that runs from the brain to the lower back. It is responsible for transmitting signals to and from the brain and body.
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A Poodle and a Labrador retriever can mate and have offspring. This means that these dogs are members of the same species. The correct answer is D.
Answer:
Antibiotic resistance can evolved in bacterial population in the following ways:
Explanation:
- In response to constant exposure to antibiotics some members of a bacterial population develop some beneficial mutations in some essential genes that gives them survival advantage in terms of food and space over the sensitive bacterial strains and hence they are capable of out-competing the sensitive bacteria.
- This happens due to the process of Natural Selection.
- These genes are called antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria usually carry them on plasmids in form of cassettes where genes resistant to multiple drugs are incorporated. These plasmids are called the MDR or Multi-Drug Resistance Plasmids.
- These resistant plasmids can be easily transferred among bacterial populations by conjugation, transformation or transduction or direct plasmid transfer.
- The resistant genes encode for proteins that render the drug ineffective by promoting their efflux from the cells, preventing their entry into the cell, chemically modifying them such that they become non-functional or altering the target site of the drug.
Answer:
The addition of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers
Explanation:
The digestion of carbohydrates by enzymes is an example of a hydrolysis reaction.
Carbohydrates are chains of monosaccharides. Hydrolysis involves the addition of a water molecule that cleaves the covalent bond between the molecules of sugar.
The reverse reaction is a condensation reaction, the joining of sugar monomers to create a carbohydrate releases a molecule of water.
Answer:
B. The ddNTPs lack a 3′ hydroxyl group.
Explanation:
Dideoxynucleotides is a family of inhibitors of the DNA polymerase, its official name is 2',3' dideoxynucleotides but they are commonly called ddNTPs. One of the main characteristics of this compound is the absence of the 3'-hydroxyl group in the deoxyribose, due to the absence of this group, it is impossible to form a phosphodiester bond between nucleotides and the DNA synthesis is stopped.
