There is an unstable ratio of protons and neutrons. Because protons are positively charged but neutrons have no charge, an increase in the number of protons means there needs to be an increase in the number of neutrons to "bind" the nucleus together. This is because like charges repel, so the protons will repel each other, and if there aren't enough neutrons to act as "glue" to hold the nucleus together, the nucleus will break apart.
A residue from a gunshot is most likely gun powder, which tells you what kind of bullet was shot and the type of gun that was used to shoot the target/victim/person. Some complications may be that there is more than one gun or weapon which uses that residue, so it may be hard to pinpoint it and the bullet can't really tell you who it is unless there's DNA on the bullet, and the chemicals of the bullet may even destroy evidence.
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The excited state electron configuration of an atom indicates the promotion of a valence electron to a higher energy state.
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Chemical bonds are the connections between atoms in a molecule. These bonds include both strong intramolecular interactions, such as covalent and ionic bonds. They are related to weaker intermolecular forces, such as dipole-dipole interactions, the London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding.
