That's a lot yikes. i have no clue sorry
John C. Calhoun suggested his idea of nullification as a substitute for potential secession in the 1820s. The correct answer is option(c).
John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesperson and governmental deep thinker from South Carolina he grasped many main positions containing being the seventh sin chief executive of the United States from 1825 to 1832. A resolute champion of the organization of labor, and a slave-landowner himself, Calhoun was the Senate's most famous states' rights advocate, and his welcome opinion of nullification avowed that individual states had a right to refuse allied procedures that they considered illegal.
The tax was so disliked in the South that it create dangers of withdrawal. John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson's sin leader and a native of South Carolina, projected the belief of nullification, that asserted the levy unconstitutional and then meaningless.
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Although Jorge Álvares was the first to reach the island of Lintin in the Pearl River delta in May 1513, it was Rafael Perestrello, a cousin of Christopher Columbus, who became the first European explorer to disembark on the south coast of China and to trade with Guangzhou in 1516. In 1517, the Portuguese launched a large commercial expedition in Guangzhou and sent a delegation on behalf of Manuel I of Portugal to the court of Emperor Zhengde, relations quickly degraded after death of the emperor when the ambassadors of Malacca (in present-day Malaysia) accused the Portuguese of having dethroned their king.In 1521 and 1522, Chinese naval forces expelled the Portuguese ships and the first rear-loading culverines arrived in China.
Roosevelt had a different plan to help fight the great depression, it was focused on helping the people and helped for a little while but essentially failed because of a loss of funds. it changed the expectations people had for their government and provided a sort of sense of security
I think that courts favored Americans over immigrants because of nativism- the belief that a nations people are better than another country's people