The answer would be D) The constitution reflects the principle of republicanism in that the Constitution establishes a 'republic' in the U.S. In that the Government is run by elected representatives of the people. The state is so representative of the people and not subject to the rulers.
Mecca was an important city for Arabs before Islam because Mecca was an important trading city and crossroads for travelers and tradable goods. There are historical accounts of goods being traded through Mecca from Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and other parts of Asia. Also Mecca was an important place for the camel trade and also for providing support for traders seeking safe passage through the Arabian Peninsula.
Country of Origin.
Different immigrants care coming from different areas.