Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
Answer:
e. staphylococcal enterotoxin
Explanation:
Staphylococcal enterotoxin is a toxin that is produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It is a toxin found inside the gastrointestinal tracts of the human body which is why it is called an enterotoxin and it results in food poisoning when consumed by humans.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin is proteinous in nature and it can be found on dairy products such as milk or cheeses that have been contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus.
After consumption of the contaminated milk or cheeses, the person begins to experience symptoms of nausea, diarrhea as well as vomiting.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin is a very heat stable toxin which means even though you heat up a food contaminated with this toxin, the bacteria may die by the toxins would still remain in the food.
The best way to avoid food poisoning by Staphylococcal enterotoxin is to avoid eating contaminated foods.
Answer:
Jumping out of a way of a car
Explanation:
This helps you live
No, the sickle-cell anemia allele won't be eliminated by natural selection.
Sickle-cell anemia trait is controlled by a single gene and the allele (S) for sickle-cell anemia is a harmful autosomal recessive.
It is caused by a mutation in the normal allele (A) for hemoglobin (a protein on red blood cells).
Heterozygotes (AS) with the sickle-cell allele are resistant to malaria, a deadly tropical disease. It is common in many African populations.
In these areas, (S) carriers have been naturally selected, because their red blood cells, containing some abnormal hemoglobin, tend to be in sickle shape when they are infected by the malarial parasite.
Therefore, they are more likely to survive and reproduce. This keeps the S allele in the gene pool.
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