Cations are elements with a positive charge (loose electrons to have a full outer shell
-cations are usually metals ( groups 1234)
Anions are element with a negative charge (gain electrons to have a full outer shell)
-anions are usually non-metals ( groups 567)
Types of Bonds can be predicted by calculating the
difference in electronegativity.
If, Electronegativity difference is,
Less
than 0.4 then it is Non Polar Covalent
Between 0.4 and 1.7 then it is Polar Covalent
Greater than 1.7 then it is Ionic
For CaCl₂,
E.N of Chlorine = 3.16
E.N of Calcium = 1.00
________
E.N Difference 2.16 (Ionic Bond)
For C-H Bond in C₆H₁₂O₆,
E.N of Carbon = 2.55
E.N of Hydrogen = 2.20
________
E.N Difference 0.35 (Non-Polar Covalent Bond)
For C-O Bond in C₆H₁₂O₆,
E.N of Oxygen = 3.44
E.N of Hydrogen = 2.55
________
E.N Difference 0.89 (Polar Covalent Bond)
For O-H Bond in C₆H₁₂O₆,
E.N of Oxygen = 3.44
E.N of Hydrogen = 2.20
________
E.N Difference 1.24 (Polar Covalent Bond)
For MgO,
E.N of Oxygen = 3.44
E.N of Magnesium = 1.31
________
E.N Difference 2.13 (Ionic Bond)
For Na₂O,
E.N of Oxygen = 3.44
E.N of Sodium = 0.93
________
E.N Difference 2.51 (Ionic Bond)
For SiO₂,
E.N of Oxygen = 3.44
E.N of Silicon = 1.90
________
E.N Difference 1.54 (Polar Covalent Bond)
Result:
Compounds having Ionic Bonds are Na₂O, MgO and CaCl₂.
Answer: The complement components that is the direct cause of the enhanced vascular permeability and chemoattraction in the abraded skin area in this experiment is C5a. The correct option is C.
Explanation:
When the investigator gently abrades the skin from the flank of a mouse, creating a 1 × 2-cm skin window, the investigator caused a mild tissue damage which leads to a complex series of events resulting in the repair of the damaged tissue. These events are collectively called an INFLAMMATION. Inflammation can therefore be defined as the reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury.
There are many compounds that triggers specific aspects of inflammation and they are collectively called inflammatory mediators. An example is the Complement component 5a. It has the following functions in mediating inflammatory response:
- enhances vascular permeability
- it has the ability to attract other cells to the site of the abraded skin area (a chemoattractant).
Answer: Thats false the Russians were the first
Explanation: