Answer:
The various steps in the transcription and translation process of protein synthesis are described below.
Explanation:
Proteins (made up of amino acids) have an important role in the various functioning process of an organism. Protein synthesis which takes place in the cells of an organism consists of two major processes: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
Transcription: It is the first process in protein synthesis which occurs in the cell nucleus where a single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) is created using a DNA strand and the genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to this mRNA. The steps in transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The beginning process known as initiation occurs when an enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter (region of a gene) and the DNA unwinds. One of the DNA strands acts as a template and the enzyme reads the bases in the template DNA strand.
The next step is elongation, where the RNA polymerase builds a strand of mRNA by the addition of nucleotides using complementary base pairs. Here, adenine (A) in the DNA binds to uracil (U) in the RNA. Termination is the last step in which the transcription process ends when the RNA polymerase comes across a termination sequence in the gene. Thus, the completed single-stranded mRNA detaches from DNA.
Translation: It is the second process in protein synthesis which occurs in the ribosome of the cell where the genetic information in mRNA is used to create a protein from amino acids. A triplet of nucleotides is called a codon and they define amino acids. There are 64 possible codons and the codon, AUG acts as the start codon which initiates translation in addition to specifying the amino acid methionine. In the initiation step, the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain is brought by transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to bind to the start codon of mRNA. During elongation, each type of tRNAs in the cytoplasm bound to a specific codon on the mRNA template and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. Stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide.
Answer:
The overriding problem with both theories of muscle growth, hypertrophy and hyperplasia, is that: neither can be accepted as correct because muscles growth is difficult to study in humans.
Explanation:
Hope this helps
The answer is ganglia. As indicated, they house many cell
bodies of afferent and efferent neurons.
Spinal ganglia are located in the dorsal (that contain cell bodies of afferent
neurons) and ventral roots (that house cell body
of efferent neurons) of a spinal nerve.
Answer:
a video that shows penguin species that have different mating dances
Explanation:
The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:
- a video that shows a large river that has penguin populations on both sides
- a video that shows penguin species that have different mating dances
- a video that shows a penguin that is laying eggs
- a video that shows penguins in a tidal pool and an open ocean
Answer:
a video that shows penguin species that have different mating dances
<em><u>The reproductive isolation is the factor which allows the species to evolve and form a new species, therefore, this factor is used to describe a species.</u></em>
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<em><u>The reproductive isolation refers to a mechanism in which the species are isolated to not interbreed with the individual of other species. The reproductive isolation could be due to behavioural, psychological, physical or genetic differences. evolved as an adaptation.</u></em>
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<em><u>In the given cases, the penguin species which shows different mating dances is considered to be reproductively isolated as the different dance rituals evolved as behaviour to prevent them from mating.</u></em>
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<em><u>Thus, the selected option is correct.</u></em>
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Answer:
Hope the above picture might help you :)
