Plessy v ferguson!! i think anyways it established the "separate but equal" thing
It's around 483 years
The Roman Republic was established in 509 - 511 BC and overthrown in 27 BC when it was replaced with roman empire.
The roman republic had to undergo drastic change from government controlled by representative to the government that controlled by emperor with centralized power
He instituted military mobilization
Traps of crossbows poised to fire on the intruders is the answer