As humans migrated throughout the world, populations encountered distinct pathogens, and natural selection increased the prevalence of alleles that are advantageous in the new ecosystems in both host and pathogens. This ancient history now influences human infectious disease susceptibility and microbiome homeostasis, and contributes to common diseases that show geographical disparities, such as autoimmune and metabolic disorders.
Answer:
The correct answer is - XDXd and XD Y
Explanation:
Sex-linked disorders are the disorders that are expressed only when there is two copy of the mutated allele or have not masked by the dominant allele of the gene. In DMD, the dominant allele is XD and the mutated allele is Xd. To express it there are the following genotype possible-
in women XdXd, and in men XdY, so these two genotypes are not possible for the parents in this case. If a mutated allele is present with the dominant allele it will be considered as carrier women but diseased will not be found in them.
So the correct genotype would be
mother: XDXd ( a carrier woman)
father : XDY (normal man)
When the parents reproduce, they pass on traits to their offspring
Answer:
genes are special instructions that come from an organism's parents. (sorry about repeating your question the minimum amount of letters and stuff i can type is 20.)
Explanation:
<em>Immunological memory</em> is the property of the immune system to store information about a stimulus so it can mount an effective response if it encounters the same stimulus again being this second response quicker and stronger even after years since the first encounter.
This kind of response is dependent on many subpopulations within T and B lymphocytes and NK cells. When encountering an antigen, B cells recognize it by membrane antibody specifically binding to the antigen and then being activated to expand rapidly with their progeny clones differentiating into plasma and memory B cells, these last ones have a long life span to remain in the body, ready when another encounter with the same stimulus occurs, this is how the basis for effective immunizations happens.
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