a. The error rate of DNA replication is 1.0 × 10^-8 per base pair. This is considering that a human has approximately 3 billion base pairs where mutations can occur. However, this mutation is kept low by the proof-reading mechanism of DNA polymerases which are 99% efficient.
b. Given that the human genome is 3.2 × 109 bp, this means that there are on average 0.32 new substitutions every time the complete genome is replicated. In humans, there are about 30 cell generations between zygote and egg cells and about 400 cell divisions between a zygote and mature sperm. Thus, in males, the sperm cells have about 128 new mutations and the haploid egg genome has about 10 new mutations for a total of 138 new mutations in every new zygote.
c. Considering the above-mentioned mutation rates of approximately 1 and 2 mutations per 100 million base pairs between generations, then there will be approximately 130 mutations per generation. This means I will probably have about 130 different nucleotide bases from that of my parents.
<span>d. Siblings at an average of 50%, grandparents at an average of 25%; aunts/ uncles at an average of 25%; and first cousins at 12.5%.
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<span>f. You are approximately different from the other random person by one SNP per 1000 bases. The human genome is about 3 Gbps long and therefore about 3 million SNPs among two random people.</span> With about 20,000 genes each having a coding sequence (exons) about 1.5 kb long (i.e. about 500 amino acids long protein on average), the human coding sequence covers 30 Mbp or about 1 percent of the genome. If SNPs were randomly distributed along the genome that will suggest about 30,000 SNP across the genome coding sequence or just over 1 per gene coding sequence.
g. Humans carry on average one to two mutations that, if inherited from both parents, can cause severe genetic disorders or death before reaching reproductive age. These mutations are what are referred to as recessive alleles of a gene.
<span>h. Mosaicism refers to individuals with genetically distinct cell lines that originated from a single zygote, whereas chimerism refers to those who originated from more than one zygote. Microchimerism is the co-existence of two genetically different cell populations in one organism, of which one occurs in a very low number. </span>
Nuclear power refers to the application of nuclear reactions, which discharge nuclear energy to produce heat and is most generally utilized in steam turbines to generate electricity in a nuclear power plant. Nuclear energy can be obtained from nuclear decay, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion reactions.
The controlled release of nuclear energy in a reactor is attained by controlling the fission without controlling a chain reaction. If a chain reaction occurs, then the amount of energy would increase exponentially, so in order to monitor the release of energy, fission must be controlled without controlling a chain reaction.
Asexual reproduction is an advantage because they don't need to depend on contacting a suitable mate, or expand energy producing gametes and attractions, in order to spread .
sexual reproduction is an advantage because it enables the exchange of genetic information and produces variety in the offspring that makes them more resilient and capable of adapting to changes in their environment .
This statement is incomplete.
"All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon dioxide during night"
Explanation :
Photosynthesis occurs only during day time.
During this time oxygen is produced . Some oxygen is used for respiration and rest of oxygen is diffused out into air.
Carbon dioxide produced during day time by respiration is used in photosynthesis.
But at night time, no photosynthesis occurs and hence no oxygen is produced oxygen from air diffuses into leaves to carry out respiration and carbon dioxide produced by respiration diffuses out into air.
Hence Respiration occurs day and night .. Hence Carbon dioxide is emitted all the time....
Plz Mark Brainliest trying to reach expert
The answer in true because it can drop in temperature
