Rainfall can cause erosion both when the rain hits the surface of the Earth, called splash erosion, and when raindrops accumulate and flow like small streams. Rivers can create a significant amount of erosion over time. They break up particles along the river bottom and carry them downstream. One example of river erosion is the Grand Canyon which was formed by the Colorado River. Ocean waves can cause the coastline to erode. The shear energy and force of the waves causes pieces of rock and coastline to break off changing the coastline over time. Large floods can cause erosion to happen very quickly acting like powerful rivers.
The study of tree rings is called dendrochronology. Trees produce a single growth ring each year and by studying the size and composition of each ring scientists can get information about the age of the tree, available nutrients in the area, and general climatic conditions. A relatively small ring may indicate a year when there was very little rainfall and a larger ring indicates favourable conditions for plant growth.
Ice cores hold information on past global volcanic activity and past atmospheric conditions. Tiny bubbles in the ice cores give information on the concentration of gases in the atmosphere. Ice core data plays a key role in linking the increase in carbon dioxide concentrations to present day global warming.
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Seeds are the result of plant reproduction. ... When pollen lands on the flower's stigma, it germinates and forms a pollen tube, which then quickly grows towards the plant's ovary. Once it finds an ovule, the pollen tube bursts to release sperm cells, which fertilize the ovule and initiate seed formation.
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