Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
"Go with your grandma to her doctor to listen and take notes about her treatment options."
This will mean you went for the sole cause of helping others improve their health.
written text circled on the board by the teacher
words or phrases repeated in the text
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In my opinion, they build pleasant expectations bout alcohol by always showing people having a good time by consuming it. You never see an alcohol commercial where the people are not enjoying themselves.
This can affect younger people because when they see on TV that it does no harm to the adults, they think it won't do anything to them. They are going to want to try it, because all they see is people having a good time while drinking.
Hope this helps!
Natural disasters can be split in three categories: hydro-meteorological disasters, geophysical disasters and geomorphologic disasters. i hope this helps
