Among the four choices given above, I believe that the correct answer is:
a. hierarchical and hereditary political power structures.
Choices b, c, and d does not give us the saticfaction to the given statement above. Therefore, we choose a. In this case, we tackle about Chiefdom and for that the letter a is the best choice.
The trainer cannot move on to hte next step until the trainee has resolved the issues they had in the current step. If the trainer continues this will negatively impact the learning process.