Answer:
what is the list? you didn't provide one so we can't really answer the question
Answer:
the hindsight bias.
Explanation:
From the question we are informed about The halo effect which is the tendency to believe that physically attractive people have a host of other positive qualities, such as a high level of intelligence or a good personality. When asked to guess what the halo effect is before learning about it, many mistakenly assume that the reverse is true (that attractive people are seen as less smart or less kind). Once they learn about the effect, however, many say that it is no surprise and that they knew it all along. In this case, This reflects the hindsight bias.
Halo effect can be regarded as tendency of individual to have positive impressions about a person or company as well as brand or product as regards a particular area so that this can positively influence one's opinion and feelings as regards areas. It is a term that define phenomenon in which particular evaluators could be influenced as a result of their previous judgments of performance as well as personality
Hindsight bias on other hand can be regarded as a psychological phenomenon which gives room to people to be able to convince themselves after the occurrence of an event which was been accurately predicted by them before it happened. And this usually give people conclusion that it is possible to predict other events accurately.
First of all ‘News’ is not objective and impartial, it is a socially manufactured product because it is the result of a selective process (
McQuail- 1992)
Editors, journalists, and sometimes owners (gatekeepers) make choices and judgements about what events are important enough to cover and how to cover them.
News selection is bias because it depends on the following-
Routines
: Newspapers and TV coverage is shaped by the routines and organisation of the companies themselves. The collection of news itself as well as its presentation might then be bias before it is even reported. Finally the story must be percieved as newsworthy.
Decentralized government is the type or form of government in which the process of decision making is not depend on one person or legislative body, instead of this it depends on many people or authorities. So, when any state have fairly decentralized government it means that power is distributed among many authorities or the power is shared among them.