<span>In particular, their three membranes divide chloroplasts into three distinct internal compartments: (1) the intermembrane space between the </span>two membranes<span> of the chloroplast envelope; (2) the stroma, which lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane; and (3) the thylakoid lumen.</span>
Osmosis is a natural phenomenon where molecules move from a lower concentration to a region with higher concentration. This occurs through water channel proteins called Aquaporins. This natural phenomenon can occur in cells which can cause shrinking or bursting.
Answer:
A. donation of excited electrons by chlorophyll a to a primary electron acceptor
Explanation:
Photosystems are structures located at the thylakoid membrane that act to harvest energy light in order to convert it into chemical energy. Each photosystem is composed of a light-harvesting complex and a core complex, which in turn is composed of a reaction center. The photosynthetic reaction centers are multi-protein complexes that use light energy to catalyze the electron transfer across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane against a thermodynamic gradient. Moreover, antenna pigments are pigments that capture the energy from photons in order to transfer energy to other pigments in the photosystem (e.g., chlorophyll B and carotenes are antenna pigments, whereas chlorophyll A is the core pigment). Light energy absorbed by antenna pigments in the photosystems is transferred to the reaction center chlorophyll A molecules, thereby exiting electrons in the reaction center. A reaction center consists of two chlorophyll A molecules, which donate electrons to the primary electron acceptor.
