The archaeopteryx more recently shared a common ancestor w the OTHER DINOSAURS (FIRST BIRD)
Answer:
Explanation:
Molecular biology has enabled the identification of the mechanisms whereby inactive myostatin increases skeletal muscle growth in double-muscled (DM) animals. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Mutations make the myostatin gene inactive, resulting in muscle hypertrophy. The relationship between the different characteristics of DM cattle are defined with possible consequences for livestock husbandry. The extremely high carcass yield of DM animals coincides with a reduction in the size of most vital organs. As a consequence, DM animals may be more susceptible to respiratory disease, urolithiasis, lameness, nutritional stress, heat stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Their feed intake capacity is reduced, necessitating a diet with a greater nutrient density. The modified myofiber type is responsible for a lower capillary density, and it induces a more glycolytic metabolism. There are associated changes for the living animal and post-mortem metabolism alterations, requiring appropriate slaughter conditions to maintain a high meat quality. Intramuscular fat content is low, and it is characterized by more unsaturated fatty acids, providing healthier meat for the consumer. It may not always be easy to find a balance between the different disciplines underlying the livestock husbandry of DM animals to realize a good performance and health and meat quality.
Answer:
25 years
Explanation:
Ossification is the process of bone tissue formation. Osteoblasts are responsible for the process of ossification. It begins when the fetus is three months old and goes on till 25 years of age. Upper limbs get ossified first, followed by lower limbs, sternum and vertebrae.
There are two types of ossification processes. When bone is directly developed using the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme) it is called as intramembranous ossification, while in endochondral ossification cartilage is used as a precursor.
Answer:
Electron transport chain and ATP synthase
Explanation:
The inner mitochondrial membrane contains an electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. Four membrane protein complexes serve as the electron carriers and are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These protein complexes are called complex I, II, III and IV. Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to terminal electron acceptor oxygen occurs via these protein complexes.
During electron transfer, the pumping of protons towards the inner mitochondrial membrane creates an electrochemical gradient. The downhill transfer of protons back to the matrix via proton channel of ATP synthase drives phosphorylation of ADP. Therefore, presence of all the protein complexes of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase is required for electron transfer and ATP synthesis.
Answer:
A. The Calvin Cycle
Explanation:
The light-independent reactions cover half of photosynthesis, with the other half being the light-dependent reactions. Another word for this process is the Calvin cycle. It is named after the biologist, Melvin C. Calvin, who discovered it. The Calvin cycle is responsible for turning carbon dioxide into glucose. It also requires no light, hence its other name. Additionally, because it is occasionally called the Calvin cycle, sometimes, the light-dependent reaction is simply called the light cycle.
